2010年考研英语二真题及答案
Section I Useof English
Directions:
Read thefollowing passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10points)
The outbreak of swine flu that wasfirst detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It isthe first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41years.
The heightened alert _____2_____anemergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp risein cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile andelsewhere.
But the epidemic is"_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, theorganization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority ofpatients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the_____6_____ of any medical treatment.
The outbreak came toglobal_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed anunusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to_____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around theworld.
In the United States, new casesseemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009,officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state andthat virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as(A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than onemillion people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000hospitalizations.
Federal healthofficials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile andbegan_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The newvaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ aheadof expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available inearly October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMistnasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 orthose with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: healthcare workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.
1 [A]criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated
2 [A]proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted
3 [A]digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums
4 [A]moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme
5 [A]with [B] in [C] from [D] by
6 [A]progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor
7 [A]reality [B]phenomenon [C] concept [D]notice
8.[A]over [B]for [C]among [D] to
9 [A]stay up [B] cropup [C]fill up [D]cover up
10 [A] as [B] if [C]unless [D] until
11 [A]excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent
12[A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples
13 [A]imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected
14 [A]released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained
15 [A]placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving
16 [A]feasible [B]available [C] reliable [D] applicable
17 [A]prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial
18 [A]presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced
19 [A]problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings
20 [A]involved in [B] caringfor [C] concerned with [D] warding off
Section Ⅱ Readingcomprehension
Part A
Text1
The longest bull run in a century ofart-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by DamienHirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London onSeptember 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a singleartist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New Yorkone of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losingmomentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of ArtsEconomics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then itmay have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyondits size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passionand controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed MrHirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially inNew York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousandsof jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art worldthat meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales ofcontemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—forChinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s andChristie’s, had to pay out nearly $200min guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
The current downturn in the art market is theworst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, amove that started the most serious contraction in the market since the SecondWorld War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on theirpeak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman,Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”
What makes this slump different from thelast, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in theearly 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even thoughmany collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who wasinterviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the momentis not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who doesnot have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.
21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst'ssale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.
A. the art market had witnessed a successionof victories
B. the auctioneer finally got the two piecesat the highest bids
C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won overall masterpieces
D. it was successfully made justbefore the world financial crisis
22.By saying “spending of any sort becamedeeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____.
A. collectors were no longer actively involvedin art-market auctions
B .people stopped every kind of spending andstayed away from galleries
C. art collection as a fashion had lost itsappeal to a great extent
D .works of art in general hadgone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
23. Which of the following statements is NOTtrue?
A .Sales of contemporary art felldramatically from 2007 to 2008.
B. The art market surpassed many otherindustries in momentum.
C. The market generally went downward invarious ways.
D. Some art dealers were awaitingbetter chances to come.
24. The three Ds mentioned in the lastparagraph are ____
A. auction houses ' favorites
B. contemporary trends
C. factors promoting artwork circulation
D. styles representing impressionists
25. The mostappropriate title for this text could be ___
A. Fluctuation of Art Prices
B. Up-to-date Art Auctions
C. Art Market in Decline
D. Shifted Interest in Arts
Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in asuburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to jointhem. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside himon the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequentlycomplain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded inagreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in ourfamily." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I havenothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the wholeevening in silence."
This episode crystallizes the irony thatalthough American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they oftentalk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by politicalscientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine KohlerRiessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the womenshe interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as thereason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of casesin the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research complaints from womenabout their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such ashaving given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doingfar more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking,social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I foundas Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be firstand foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation oftheir wives.
In short the image that best represents thecurrent crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at thebreakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a womanglares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
26. What is most wives' main expectation oftheir husbands?
A. Talking to them.
B. Trusting them.
C. Supporting their careers.
D. Sharing housework.
27. Judging from the context, the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .
A. generating motivation.
B. exerting influence
C. causing damage
D. creating pressure
28. All of the following are trueEXCEPT_______
A. men tend to talk more in public than women
B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces arecaused by failed conversation
C. women attach much importance tocommunication between couples
D. a female tends to be more talkative athome than her spouse
29. Which of the following can best summarizethe main idea of this text?
A. The moral decaying deserves more researchby sociologists.
B. Marriage break-up stems from sexinequalities.
C. Husband and wife have differentexpectations from their marriage.
D. Conversational patterns between man andwife are different.
30. In the following part immediately afterthis text, the author will most probably focus on ______
A. a vivid account of the new book DivorceTalk
B. a detailed description of thestereotypical cartoon
C. other possible reasons for a high divorcerate in the U.S.
D. a brief introduction to the politicalscientist Andrew Hacker
Text 3
Over the past decade, many companies hadperfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eatsnacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often inresponse to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
“There are fundamental public healthproblems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers onlybecause we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors thathappen automatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds ofmillions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives thatcorporations could use to introduce new routines.
If youlook hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, waterpurifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabricsofteners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, fewpeople regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because ofcanny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually givetheir pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn’tdrink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling theproduction of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottledwater all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, isnow featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for useafter a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beautyrituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
“Our products succeed when they become partof daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist whorecently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billionof Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is ahuge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making newproducts commercially viable.”
Through experiments and observation, socialscientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certainbehaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new scienceof habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have beenused to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like handwashing with soap________.
[A] should be further cultivated
[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deeply rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns
32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skinmoisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____
[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C] indicate their effect on people’s buyingpower
[D] manifest the significant role of goodhabits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong toproducts that help create people’s habits?
[A]Tide [B] Crest
[C] Colgate [D] Unilever
34. From the text we know that some ofconsumer’s habits are developed due to _____
[A]perfected art of products [B]automatic behavior creation
[C]commercial promotions [D]scientific experiments
35. The author’s attitude toward the influenceof advertisement on people’s habits is____
[A] indifferent [B] negative
[C] positive [D] biased
Text4
Many Americans regard the jury system as aconcrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles thatall citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equallycompetent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from arepresentative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be deniedthe right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or nationalorigin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdictsshould represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of thelaw. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct ratherthan representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turnsgoverning themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1986, jury selection proceduresconflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury dutywas limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, andmoral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibitedintentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 caseof Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite orblue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and otherantidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly includewomen on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served onstate juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority ofstates made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several statesautomatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked tohave their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by theclaim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative ofwomen through the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United Statespassed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democraticreforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements forfederal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross sectionof the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of allparts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declaredsex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered statesto use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
36. From the principles of the US jurysystem, we learn that ______
[A]both liberate and illiterate people canserve on juries
[B]defendants are immune fromtrial by their peers
[C]no age limit should be imposed for juryservice
[D]judgment should consider the opinion ofthe public
37. The practice of selecting so-called elitejurors prior to 1968 showed_____
[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
[B]the prevalent discrimination againstcertain races
[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selectionprocedures
[D]the arrogance common among the SupremeCourt justices
38. Even in the 1960s, women wereseldom on the jury list in some states because_____
[A]they were automatically banned by statelaws
[B]they fell far short of the requiredqualifications
[C]they were supposed to perform domesticduties
[D]they tended to evade publicengagement
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Actwas passed.___
[A] sex discrimination in jury selection wasunconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B] educational requirements became lessrigid in the selection of federal jurors
[C] jurors at the state level ought to berepresentative of the entire community
[D] states ought to conform to the federalcourt in reforming the jury system
40. In discussing the US jury system, thetext centers on_______
[A]its nature and problems
[B]its characteristics and tradition
[C]its problems and their solutions
[D]its tradition and development
Section Ⅲ Translation
46.Directions:
In thissection there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write yourtranslation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)
“Suatainability”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will alwayshave personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability inhis own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must beexpressed though everyday action and choice。Ning recalls spending aconfusingyear in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom andburst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency。It didin’t go well. “It was areally had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma aboutthe job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I hadso much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare atthe ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait,you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”
47. Directions:
You havejust come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchangeprogram. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;
2)Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。
Youshould write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do notsign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead。
Do notwrite your address. (10 points)
48. Directions:
In thissection, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In yourwriting, you should
1) Interpret the chart and
2) Give your comments。
You should write at least 150 words。
Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
1 [D] designated2 [C] followed 3 [B] numbers 4 [A]moderate5 [A] with 6 [B] absence
7 [D]notice8. [C] among9 [B] crop up 10 [A] as 11[C] significant 12 [D] samples
13 [D]infected14 [A] released 15 [C] taking16 [B] available 17 [D] initial
18 [C]recommended19 [A] problems20 [B] caring for
21 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C 26 A 27 C 28 B 29 C 30 C
31 A 32 A 33 D 34 C 35 B 36 D 37 C 38 C 39 B 40 A
翻译参考
“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。
事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可以预料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。’”
小作文
Dear xxx,
I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks toyou for your kindness to receive me when I participated in an exchange programin USA.
Yourgenerous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance toknow American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to makefriends with you and I w ill cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever Igo. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have theopportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship。
I feelobliged to thank you again。
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
大作文范文：
In thischart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have asteady and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008.Meanwhile the mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnesseda slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: thebiggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.
This chart reflects different developingmodes of mobile phone industry in developed and developing countries. Thedeveloped countries have a limited number of populations, most of whom arewell-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service isefficient and soon the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developedcountries have more people who can afford this service. The developingcountries have a large population who keeps a large demand for mobile service.As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasingcustomers subscribe to benefit from this service。
As discussed above, it is not surprising tosee this change. In my opinion, this trend that the number of mobile-phonesubscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in thefuture
新题型译文：
波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新飞机787和A350的性能，巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然使它们与众不同。但在斯坦福大学，由伊兰▪克鲁领导的一个研究小组提出，飞机的飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，而且并不需要购买新的飞机。
克鲁教授称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914年，一位名叫卡尔▪维塞尔斯伯格的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文，科学家们从中得知，鸟类在飞行的时候排成V字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后面弯曲向上，这是一种叫上升流的现象。在上升流中飞行的鸟阻力减小，可以用更小的力气飞。彼得▪利萨曼以前是加州理工学院和南加州大学的航空专家，他认为由25只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离提升71%。
当把鸟类的特性应用到飞机上的时候，原理也相差无几。克鲁教授和他的团队模拟了三架分别从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的客机在犹他州集合，采用反V字形状并偶尔换一下位置以便所有飞机轮流利用最有利位置，最后飞到伦敦。他们发现飞机节省多达15%的燃油，相应的二氧化碳排放也少了很多，途中排放的氮氧化物减少约四分之一。
当然，一定要有完善的操作指南。要考虑安全问题，至少在感觉上来说是安全的。乘客们在换位时会不会不舒服呢?克鲁教授指出飞机间会相隔几海里，不会像红箭表演队(英国皇家空军特技表演队)那样间距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也许都看不到另外的飞机。有关飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例暂且不谈，但国际民航组织的一个工作组已经考虑在新的操作方针中列入编队飞行的可能性。
现在仍需考虑天气情况对气流的影响，这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在有大量乱流的地区，飞机尾部的气流会消失更快，上升流效应就会消失。克鲁教授称，在这方面他们团队将要进行更多的研究。每架客机的起飞时间与目的地都不相同，要协调它们编队飞行很难。相反，货机和日常空军飞行更容易协调时间。
恰逢此时，美军已经着手这项研究。今年早些时候，美国国防部高级研究计划局宣布出资让波音公司研究编队飞行的计划，但项目到现在还没启动。有报道称二战时就有一些军机在燃油不足的情况下编队飞行，但利萨曼教授称那些都是杜撰的，他说：“我父亲是皇家空军飞行员，我的堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰喀斯特式飞机的机长”，所以他应该知道。
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