2011年考研英语二真题及答案

2011年考研英语二真题及答案‍

Section I   Use of English

Directions：Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

"The Internet affordsanonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that veryanonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 acrossthe Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance ofsafety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, thenation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 tomake the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and aphoto ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use asmart identity card, or a digital credential 7 toa specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of onlineservices.

The idea is to 8 afederation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join, and only registered users whose identities have beenauthenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with onethat would require an Internet driver’s license 10 bythe government.
Google and Microsoft are amongcompanies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for usersto 11 just once but use many differentservices.
12 , the approach would create a “walledgarden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a senseof 13 community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can completeonline transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities ofthe infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such aninitiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.
The plan has also been greetedwith 18 by some experts, who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .Theyargue that should be 20 to register and identifythemselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

Section II   Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read thefollowing four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text   1

Ruth Simmons joined GoldmanSachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she becamepresident of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparentlymanaged both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? ByFebruary the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was justtaking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed toserve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having madetheir wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enoughindependence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, andthe share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advicebased on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from OhioUniversity used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked whichdirectors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reasonfor departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those“surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount thatafter a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being namedin a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely toperform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although acorrelation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm issuggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off asinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for largerand more stable firms.

But the researchers believe thatoutside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputationsif they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history showsthey were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want tokeep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once againvery popular on campus.

21.According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticizedfor         .

[A]gainingexcessive profits

[B]failingto fulfill her duty

[C]refusingto make compromises

[D]leavingthe board in tough times

22. Welearn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed tobe         .

[A]generousinvestors         [B]unbiased executives

[C]shareprice forecasters      [D]independentadvisers

23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’ssurprise departure, the firm is likelyto        .

[A]becomemore stable            [B]reportincreased earnings

[C]doless well in the stock market       [D]performworse in lawsuits

24. Itcan be inferred from the last paragraph that outsidedirectors         .

[A]maystay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]areaccustomed to stress-free work in the firm      [D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. Theauthor’s attitude toward the role of outside directorsis        .

[A]permissive               [B]positive

[C]scornful                 [D]critical

Text   2

Whatever happened to the death ofnewspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to removethe advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to savenewspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the statesubsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions nowseem out of date.

In much of the world there is thesign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the globalindustry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Manypapers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society ofNews Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readersare paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refusedelivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the rightones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming morebalanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers andadvertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance onads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according tothe Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japanthe proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much morestable.

The whirlwind that swept throughnewsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated inareas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have beensavagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness isno longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. Bysaying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspaper        .

[A]neglectedthe sign of crisis

[B]failedto get state subsidies

[C]werenot charitable corporations

[D]werein a desperate situation

27. Somenewspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probablybecause       .

[A]readersthreatened to pay less

[B]newspaperswanted to reduce costs

[C]journalistsreported little about these areas

[D]subscriberscomplained about slimmer products

28.Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much morestable because they       .

[A]havemore sources of revenue

[B]havemore balanced newsrooms

[C]areless dependent on advertising

[D]areless affected by readership

29. Whatcan be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

[A]Distinctivenessis an essential feature of newspapers.

[B]Completenessis to blame for the failure of newspaper.

[C]Foreignbureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

[D]Readershave lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. Themost appropriate title for this text wouldbe         .

[A]AmericanNewspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]AmericanNewspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]AmericanNewspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]AmericanNewspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text   3

We tend to think of the decadesimmediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, withsoldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Billand lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, andthat restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, madesmall, efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only astimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” wasactually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design,emigrated to the United States before World War II

and took up posts at Americanarchitecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on thecourse of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase means thatless decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, hebelieved, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, heemployed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for grantedtoday buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticatedpresentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the eleganttowers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, weresmaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their olderneighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of theirairy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art sopopular at the time.

The trend toward “less” was notentirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modestand efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreadingtwo-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts &Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrowninfluence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from thelandscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though mosteventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was bothdesirable and inevitable was widely shared.

31. Thepostwar American housing style largely reflected theAmericans’         .

[A]prosperityand growth

[B]efficiencyand practicality

[C]restraintand confidence

[D]prideand faithfulness

32. Whichof the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

[A]It wasfounded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B]Itsdesigning concept was affected by World War II.

[C]MostAmerican architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It hada great influence upon American architecture.

33. Miesheld that elegance of architecturaldesign         .

[A]wasrelated to large space

[B]wasidentified with emptiness

[C]wasnot reliant on abundant decoration

[D]wasnot associated with efficiency

34. Whatis true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

[A]Theyignored details and proportions.

[B]Theywere built with materials popular at that time.

[C]Theywere more spacious than neighboring buildings.

[D]Theyshared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. Whatcan we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?

[A]Mechanicaldevices were widely used.

[B]Naturalscenes were taken into consideration

[C]Detailswere sacrificed for the overall effect.

[D]Eco-friendlymaterials were employed.

Text   4

Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’sgreatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt,population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems,the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use thesingle currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weakeror stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a singlecurrency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to saveEurope’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because theeuro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greaterharmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must besaved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked byquasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might includethreats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even thesuspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insiststhat economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, amongwhom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour Frenchinterference.

A “southern” camp headed by Frenchwants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner coreof euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening inmonetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members,via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or completefiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government havemurmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and socialharmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labourcosts.

It is too soon to write off theEU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the Europeanproject is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poorcountries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labourthan any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt thesharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.

36. TheEU is faced with so many problemsthat           .

[A] ithas more or less lost faith in markets

[B] evenits supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] someof its member countries plan to abandon euro

[D] itintends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. Thedebate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers         .

[A] arecompeting for the leading position

[B] arebusy handling their own crises

[C] failto reach an agreement on harmonization

[D]disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. Tosolve the euro problem ,Germany proposedthat       .

[A] EUfunds for poor regions be increased

[B]stricter regulations be imposed

[C] onlycore members be involved in economic co-ordination

[D]voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. TheFrench proposal of handling the crisis implies that __   __.

［A］poor countries are more likely toget funds

［B］strict monetary policy will beapplied to poor countries

［C］loans will be readily available torich countries

［D］rich countries will basicallycontrol Eurobonds

40.Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __   __.

［A］pessimistic        ［B］desperate

［C］conceited          ［D］hopeful

Part B

Directions:

Read thefollowing text and answer the questions by finding information from the rightcolumn that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)

Such a move could affect firmssuch as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by theFootball Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements”such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers,Stephenson said.

Professor Dinesh Bhugra, presidentof the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impactthat food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at leastinformation is available up front.”

He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeawayscannot open.

A Department of Healthspokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where allof society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includescreating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on socialresponsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a whitepaper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”

The food industry will be alarmedthat such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to usesome of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the lastdecade.

46．Direction：

In thissection there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write yourtranslation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)

Who would have thought that,globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gasesas the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?

Many everyday tasks take asurprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right”answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintainvast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. Whileproducing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat,so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big techproviders monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring isthe first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and notjust by big companies.

Section IV   Writing

Part A

47 Directions:

Supposeyour cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her aletter to

1)congratulate him/her, and

2) givehim/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.

Youshould write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do notsign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.

Do notwrite the address. (10 points)

Part B

48Directions:

Write ashort essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:

1)interpret the chart and

2)give your comments

you should write at least 150 wrods

write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)

2011年考研英语二参考答案

1．A   2．C     3．B     4．D    5．D    6．B    7．A     8．C    9．C    10．B

11．D   12．B   13．A   14．C   15．A   16．A   17．D   18．A    19．C   20．D

21-25BDCAD   26-30 DBCAA   31-35 CDCDB    36-40 BCBAD

41.E 42.D   43.C    44.B    45.G

翻译参考答案

从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。

然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。

小作文参考答案

Dearfriend,

I am writing to congratulate youon your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys aninternational reputation for its academic excellence and give you somesuggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.

In order for you to adapt yourselfto the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically andintellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for thefuture academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks.Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in yoursecondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books fromthe library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take inyour college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successfulcollege life.

Congratulate you again and wishyou a fruitful college life.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

DearMing,

Congratulations! I am glad to hearthat you have been admitted by MIT. Your efforts and commitment have been paidoff. You are the honor of our family.

Here come some my own advices ofbeing a pre college student. First and foremost, you need to improve yourcommunication because you will meet different people with differentpersonalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference books will help youto accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness incampus.

Once again congratulate for yourachievement!

Yours sincerely,

Zhang Wei   

大作文参考答案

As is shown in the bar chartabove, dramatic changes have taken place in the autos market shares within twoyears (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change was the market share ofnational brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while Japan’s autos marketshare decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos remained stablebetween 2008 and 2009.

There are numerous reasonsaccounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the mostimportant ones here. Above all, as the development of technique and knowledgein native companies, a growing number of autos corporation developed manyquality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to thenative brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority ofpeople have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing tosome actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brakeerror accidents significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images.Safety concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuelprice drove consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos.So it is not difficult to observe their steady performance.

Based on what has been discussedabove, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic willcontinue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendlypolicies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement andtechnology innovation.

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